Sequences discussed in this analysis are variously stored publicly at GenBank and at GISAID. We gratefully acknowledge the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GenBank and from GISAID’s EpiFlu™ Database on which this research is based. A GISAID-generated list is detailed in a linked spreadsheet for completeness in citation.
Last Update
2011-09-06
On 2011-08-25, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza published 15 pH1N1 sequences at GISAID. These sequences were sampled from patients in Australia from April to July 2011. All are Clade 2 backgrounds (188T).
Although a recent GeneWurx analysis on Romanian sequences discussed a different defining Clade 1 marker (189T) jumping templates onto Clade 2, this Australian pattern maintains polymorphic throw for several generations. This deposit not only surfaces a novel face for Clade 2 (188T), but is a novelty that conducts reliable transmission though a defining marker downstream of the cleavage site is adopted from Clade 1.Upsilon (syn346G) in the same domain as the HA syn338G normally found on Clade 2.
The 5 very similar sequences each carry 17 to 20 HA polymorphisms. The superset of polymorphisms from this emergent mixed branch shows known Vaccine Escape changes at HA 156E and 158E. Hypermorphic behaviour is a hallmark of pH1N1 as are the Vaccine Breakthrough (AustraliaBrisbane500_32M_2011_06_22_VxX) and hospitalisation (AustraliaBrisbane190_25M_2011_06_14_s) instances also demonstrated by cases from this novel emergence.
These novel and rare HA polymorphisms to the Clade 2 background exhibit homological history at a very significant proportion in the H1N1 Avian genetics record, including several farm animal sequences. Those farm animal sequences, in turn, show a strong match rate to Clade 1.Upsilon (pH1N1υ) AND to these Clade 2 Human pH1N1 sequences. The superset of polymorphisms from the related Avian H1N1 farm animals exhibit strong homology to the superset of Clade 1.Upsilon HA polymorphisms.
The HA syn413K prevalent in fatal and severe cases from the early pandemic has mated with these Australian novelties as a further signal of zoonotic avian influence on the most widely reported pH1N1 Clade (Clade 2 – 188T). Cross-clade polymorphism jumping is only just beginning for the Pandemic reservoir of H1N1. Sporadic HA 230I on backgrounds similar to these 5 novel items is probable. Interaction between human pH1N1 and Avian Influenza strains (farm and wild) carrying both Clade 1 and Clade 2 immune escape markers on single strains will continue to drive human revision using the widely available avian delivery vector.
By GeneWurx calculations, clade elasticity will rise to become a primary method generating the 2011-2012 pH1N1 polymorphism bed.
. . . . AustraliaBrisbane190_25M_2011_06_14_s (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI333112
. . . . . . . . 19 Polymorphisms (7 Amino and 12 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn10Y (TAc) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 wt],
. . . . . . . . syn33V (GTc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, 59S, 156E, 230I & syn346G],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Arizona17_2009_10_15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 158E, 233H,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZ_Bahia15525_42M_2009_09_05_f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndiaNsk10348_2009_09
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G],
. . . . . . . . syn34N (AAt) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Human Seasonal 1995],
. . . . . . . . syn99I (ATt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .with syn42G, 156E, syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn115E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158N, 159G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 146G [H3N8 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian, Canine, Feline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 190E, 225G, 230I, 238K, 275I],
. . . . . . . . 156E mix wt [H2N3],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N8],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2009-2010
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 188E, 192I, 198S, 210T, 223I],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H10N7 Avian 2008
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with #1V, 87N, syn94Y, 100N, syn102E,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 157E, 163T, 165N,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn177L, 188T, syn221P, syn207S, syn213F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225G, 230I, 233H, 237I, syn239P,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn338G, syn346G, syn356H,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn390N, syn391T],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with #1T, syn31H, syn40H, syn42G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72L, 87N, syn118E, 144K,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158E, 158N, 159G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn228G, 230I,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn287G, syn346G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453K, 502K],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 225G, 230I],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 swIowa44837_1_2009_11_08_xL with 225N, 230I],
. . . . . . . . 188T,
. . . . . . . . 200T,
. . . . . . . . syn338G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn346G (GGa) [pH1N1υ defining marker],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn338G],
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn413K (AAg) [H1N1 Avian, H2, H5N1, H9N2],
. . . . . . . . 454N,
. . . . . . . . syn465N,
. . . . . . . . syn508L (tTG) [H1N1 Avian Farm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158E, 159G, 159N, 159T,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, 512M, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . syn513I (ATc) [H1N1 Avian (gTc)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, 59S, 156E, 230I & syn346G],
. . . . . . . . 523A [Cameroon10v_1090_2010_04_08 with 158E],
. . . . . . . . syn538F (TTt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms & syn508L])
. . . . AustraliaBrisbane500_32M_2011_06_22_VxX (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI333109
. . . . . . . . 17 Polymorphisms (7 Amino and 10 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn10Y (TAc) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 wt],
. . . . . . . . syn33V (GTc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, 59S, 156E, 230I & syn346G],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Arizona17_2009_10_15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 158E, 233H,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZ_Bahia15525_42M_2009_09_05_f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndiaNsk10348_2009_09
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G],
. . . . . . . . syn34N (AAt) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Human Seasonal 1995],
. . . . . . . . 77R (AGa) [H9N2 Avian and Human wt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn99I (ATt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .with syn42G, 156E, syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn115E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158N, 159G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 146G [H3N8 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian, Canine, Feline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 190E, 225G, 230I, 238K, 275I],
. . . . . . . . 171G (GgT),
. . . . . . . . 188T,
. . . . . . . . 200T,
. . . . . . . . syn338G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn346G (GGa) [pH1N1υ defining marker],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn338G],
. . . . . . . . syn413K (AAg) [H1N1 Avian, H2, H5N1, H9N2],
. . . . . . . . 454N,
. . . . . . . . syn465N,
. . . . . . . . syn508L (tTG) [H1N1 Avian Farm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158E, 159G, 159N, 159T,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, 512M, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 523A [Cameroon10v_1090_2010_04_08 with 158E])
. . . . SouthAustralia4_2011_06_24 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI333105
. . . . . . . . 18 Polymorphisms (6 Amino and 12 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn10Y (TAc) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 wt],
. . . . . . . . syn33V (GTc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, 59S, 156E, 230I & syn346G],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Arizona17_2009_10_15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 158E, 233H,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZ_Bahia15525_42M_2009_09_05_f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndiaNsk10348_2009_09
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G],
. . . . . . . . syn34N (AAt) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Human Seasonal 1995],
. . . . . . . . syn99I (ATt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .with syn42G, 156E, syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn115E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158N, 159G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 146G [H3N8 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian, Canine, Feline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 190E, 225G, 230I, 238K, 275I],
. . . . . . . . 188T,
. . . . . . . . 200T,
. . . . . . . . syn300P (CCt) [H5N1, H6N1, H7N3, H7N7],
. . . . . . . . syn338G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn346G (GGa) [pH1N1υ defining marker],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn338G],
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn413K (AAg) [H1N1 Avian, H2, H5N1, H9N2],
. . . . . . . . 454N,
. . . . . . . . syn465N,
. . . . . . . . syn508L (tTG) [H1N1 Avian Farm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158E, 159G, 159N, 159T,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, 512M, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 523A [Cameroon10v_1090_2010_04_08 with 158E],
. . . . . . . . syn538F (TTt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms & syn508L])
. . . . AustraliaBrisbane142_2011_04_12 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI333005
. . . . . . . . 18 Polymorphisms (6 Amino and 12 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn10Y (TAc) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 wt],
. . . . . . . . syn33V (GTc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, 59S, 156E, 230I & syn346G],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Arizona17_2009_10_15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 158E, 233H,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZ_Bahia15525_42M_2009_09_05_f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndiaNsk10348_2009_09
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G],
. . . . . . . . syn34N (AAt) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Human Seasonal 1995],
. . . . . . . . syn77S (AGt),
. . . . . . . . syn99I (ATt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .with syn42G, 156E, syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn115E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158N, 159G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 146G [H3N8 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian, Canine, Feline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 190E, 225G, 230I, 238K, 275I],
. . . . . . . . 188T,
. . . . . . . . 200T,
. . . . . . . . syn338G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn346G (GGa) [pH1N1υ defining marker],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn338G],
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn413K (AAg) [H1N1 Avian, H2, H5N1, H9N2],
. . . . . . . . 454N,
. . . . . . . . syn465N,
. . . . . . . . syn508L (tTG) [H1N1 Avian Farm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158E, 159G, 159N, 159T,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, 512M, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 523A [Cameroon10v_1090_2010_04_08 with 158E],
. . . . . . . . syn538F (TTt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms & syn508L])
. . . . AustraliaBrisbane70_IVR162_2011_07_25 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI333107
. . . . . . . . 20 Polymorphisms (9 Amino and 11 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn10Y (TAc) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 wt],
. . . . . . . . syn33V (GTc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, 59S, 156E, 230I & syn346G],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [Arizona17_2009_10_15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 158E, 233H,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZ_Bahia15525_42M_2009_09_05_f
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IndiaNsk10348_2009_09
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 225G],
. . . . . . . . syn34N (AAt) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Human Seasonal 1995],
. . . . . . . . syn99I (ATt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .with syn42G, 156E, syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn115E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158N, 159G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 132T (AcC) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 146G [H3N8 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian, Canine, Feline
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 190E, 225G, 230I, 238K, 275I],
. . . . . . . . 158E [H3N8, H5N1],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H3N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with 165N, 190E, 225G, 230I, 238K
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253A, 275I, syn346G],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with #1T, 8V, syn31H, syn40H, syn42G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72L, syn80S, syn82I, 87N, syn118E,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144E, 189T, 193R, 237I,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn287G, syn346G, 523A],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [sw1930]
. . . . . . . . 188T,
. . . . . . . . 200T,
. . . . . . . . 226R,
. . . . . . . . syn338G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn346G],
. . . . . . . . syn346G (GGa) [pH1N1υ defining marker],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian Farm with syn338G],
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn413K (AAg) [H1N1 Avian, H2, H5N1, H9N2],
. . . . . . . . 454N,
. . . . . . . . syn465N,
. . . . . . . . syn508L (tTG) [H1N1 Avian Farm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . syn10Y, syn33V, 59S, syn77S, 128D,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156E, 158E, 159G, 159N, 159T,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188T, 189T, 200T, syn228G,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230I, syn295F, syn346G, syn418F,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502K, 504G, 512M, syn538F],
. . . . . . . . 523A [Cameroon10v_1090_2010_04_08 with 158E],
. . . . . . . . syn538F (TTt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms & syn508L])
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The information in this column is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or individual recommendations by the author. Please work in conjunction with a team of trusted and informed health professionals before making health or lifestyle modifications.
Labels
100N
(6)
106I
(4)
106V
(4)
123I
(1)
124I
(2)
127S
(1)
128D
(2)
131P
(3)
140K
(2)
140S
(1)
142T
(2)
142V
(1)
145I
(1)
149I
(1)
154I
(1)
155I
(2)
156E
(3)
157E
(3)
158E
(11)
159D
(1)
159K
(3)
159Q
(1)
159T
(1)
161C
(1)
163N
(1)
163T
(1)
165N
(5)
166N
(1)
166Q
(1)
166T
(1)
169N
(1)
169T
(1)
170S
(1)
172R
(1)
179L
(1)
179V
(1)
180g
(1)
186P
(1)
187n
(1)
188I
(1)
188N
(1)
188T
(9)
188T (Acc)
(1)
189T
(5)
190E
(1)
1918
(8)
191R
(1)
193G
(1)
193r
(1)
194i
(1)
199G
(1)
200T
(1)
206A
(1)
206S
(2)
206T
(8)
208K
(2)
211T
(1)
212E
(1)
214E
(1)
215T
(1)
218t
(1)
218V
(1)
219V
(2)
223E
(1)
223M
(1)
225A
(4)
225E
(21)
225G
(50)
225N
(18)
225S
(3)
225T
(2)
225V
(1)
225X
(1)
225Y
(1)
226R
(7)
227G
(1)
227Q
(1)
228G
(2)
228R
(1)
22I
(3)
230I
(22)
232H
(1)
235A
(1)
237I
(1)
238D
(1)
238K
(1)
240R
(1)
242E
(1)
243I
(1)
246S
(1)
247A
(1)
247N
(1)
248D
(3)
248N
(5)
252L
(1)
256L
(2)
257R
(1)
259D
(1)
259S
(1)
259V
(1)
261
(1)
261G
(1)
261V
(2)
263D
(3)
264D
(1)
264T
(1)
264X
(1)
270T
(1)
274Y
(5)
275A
(1)
275I
(1)
275Y
(10)
277N
(1)
286D
(1)
286E
(1)
286G
(2)
286N
(1)
296H
(7)
298V
(5)
2E
(4)
300S
(2)
305G
(1)
307N
(1)
307S
(2)
315G
(2)
321V
(1)
324I
(4)
332K
(1)
33i
(1)
343E
(1)
346V
(1)
35I
(6)
360G
(1)
369T
(1)
373H
(2)
377G
(3)
377K
(2)
382A
(1)
386D
(2)
387D
(1)
395R
(1)
397D
(1)
398E
(1)
407V
(9)
40N
(1)
413K
(10)
414I
(1)
426L
(1)
442I
(1)
447K
(2)
450G
(1)
452S
(1)
454N
(1)
454S
(1)
457R
(1)
45K
(1)
463T
(1)
464G
(1)
465N
(1)
480K
(1)
482I
(1)
48K
(1)
4K
(1)
502K
(2)
504N
(2)
513V
(1)
515Q
(1)
519N
(1)
549K
(1)
627K
(5)
66E
(1)
674T
(1)
677G
(1)
678N
(1)
680N
(1)
701N
(1)
702R
(1)
703K
(1)
704H
(1)
70S
(1)
71G
(3)
74L
(1)
75% Instability Amino Acid
(1)
76T
(1)
77R
(1)
81G
(1)
88L
(1)
89N
(1)
8I
(1)
95% Instability
(4)
95% Unstable
(1)
A592G
(1)
AC Hurt
(1)
Academic Honesty
(1)
acquisition
(1)
Adriatic Sea
(1)
Alaska
(1)
Almati
(2)
Almati01
(1)
Ambiguity
(2)
Anhui02
(1)
antibodies
(1)
antibody
(1)
Antigen Diversity
(5)
Antigenic Diversity
(7)
antisera
(1)
Argentina
(3)
Arizona
(2)
Auckland
(1)
Australia
(8)
Avian H1N1
(6)
Avian H5N1
(13)
Avian Influenza
(1)
Balkan
(1)
Bayern
(1)
Bayern66
(1)
Belgorod
(1)
Black Alert
(1)
Black Sea
(1)
Brasil
(4)
Brazil
(4)
Brunei
(1)
California
(2)
Cameroon
(3)
Capua
(1)
Caspian Sea
(2)
Catalonia
(2)
Catalyst
(1)
Chengdu
(1)
child
(1)
China
(6)
Clade Crossing
(4)
cleavage
(1)
Cleavage Area
(1)
Cluster
(1)
completed set of permutations
(1)
ComplexCodon
(1)
Conjunctivitis
(1)
Conroe
(1)
cross segment linkage
(10)
cross segment pair
(3)
Cross Segment Quadruple Combination
(1)
cross segment selection
(1)
CrossClade
(2)
cytokine storm
(1)
Cytokinic Dysregulation
(2)
Czech
(1)
D.C.
(1)
D190E
(1)
D225E
(1)
D225G
(5)
D225N
(3)
Dallas
(1)
Deaths
(1)
Delaware
(1)
Denmark
(2)
Donor Candidate
(1)
drug resistance
(1)
drug resistant
(1)
Dysmorphic
(1)
E627K
(1)
Egypt
(1)
Ekaterinburg
(1)
Ekateringburg01
(1)
Emergent
(1)
Emergent H7N9
(3)
England
(5)
equine
(1)
Expectations
(1)
Fatal
(1)
Fatality
(9)
Finland
(1)
Finland555
(1)
FlightPath
(3)
Florida
(2)
Fort Worth
(1)
fragmentin
(1)
France
(2)
Germany
(1)
Gharbiyah
(1)
Gibralter
(1)
Glossary
(1)
Great Britain
(2)
Greece
(4)
H13
(2)
H1N1
(1)
H1N1 Pandemic Influenza PF11
(5)
H274Y
(11)
H275Y
(12)
H3N2
(3)
H3N8
(7)
H5N1
(19)
H5N2
(1)
H6N1
(5)
H7N7
(7)
H8N4
(1)
H9N2
(8)
HA 142V
(1)
Halmstad
(1)
Hangzhuo
(1)
Hispanic
(1)
Hong Kong
(1)
hospitalisation
(2)
host switching
(1)
Host transition
(2)
Houston
(1)
HPA
(1)
Human-Fit
(2)
HunanSWL3
(1)
Hydra
(1)
Hydra Effect
(13)
hyper-morphic
(13)
Hyper-zoonotic
(9)
IDRREAV
(2)
Immune Escape
(3)
In-Patient
(1)
India
(5)
Indiana
(1)
Indonesia
(2)
infant
(1)
Influenza Flux
(6)
Intellectual Honesty
(2)
Interferon
(2)
intra-segment exclusivity
(5)
Iowa
(1)
Iran
(6)
Iraq
(1)
Italy
(3)
Italy127
(2)
Ivory Tower
(1)
Iwate
(1)
Japan
(9)
Jiangsu
(2)
Kiev
(1)
Lishui
(1)
Longview
(1)
LookAside Influencer
(1)
Louisiana03
(1)
low reactor
(3)
M230I
(6)
media
(1)
Mexico
(3)
Minnesota
(1)
Missouri
(1)
Morocco
(1)
MultiDrug Resistance
(1)
MultiDrug Resistant
(1)
NA 247N
(1)
NA 94I
(1)
NA Dual Combination
(7)
NA syn204A
(1)
NA Triple Combination
(5)
Nagasaki
(2)
Nanjing
(1)
New Hampshire
(2)
New Jersey
(1)
New Mexico
(1)
New York
(3)
New York and Japan connection. Ultimate origin
(2)
New Zealand
(1)
New Zealand and Canada Connection. Ultimate origin
(1)
Nigeria
(1)
NIMR
(2)
Norway
(8)
Novel
(1)
Novel HA
(1)
Novel Sub-clade
(2)
NS1
(1)
Omsk
(1)
Oregon
(1)
Osaka180
(1)
Pakistan
(1)
Pandemic 2.0
(1)
Pandemic Influenza 2.0
(1)
PB2
(1)
Pennsylvania
(4)
perforin
(1)
PF11 Beta
(1)
PF11 Omega
(3)
PF11 Post-Omega
(1)
pH1N1
(4)
Phenotype traits
(1)
Pink Eye
(1)
Poland
(1)
Port
(1)
prediction
(4)
pro-inflammatory
(1)
Public Health
(1)
Pune
(2)
QC1
(3)
QC2
(2)
Quadruple Recombination
(1)
rapid replication
(1)
RBD
(4)
Receptor Binding Domain
(7)
recombination
(1)
Red Eye
(1)
RIG-I
(1)
RnR
(1)
Romania
(2)
Russia
(14)
Sao Paulo
(2)
Sao Paulo. Acquisition Acceleration.
(1)
Sapporo
(1)
Scandinavia
(1)
school
(1)
Scotland
(3)
self-destruct
(1)
Serbia
(1)
Severe
(2)
sH3N2
(1)
Shanghai
(2)
Shanghai71T
(2)
ShanghaiLWS1
(1)
Shizuoka
(1)
Sigma PF11
(1)
silent change
(2)
Singapore
(3)
Singapore57
(1)
Slovakia
(1)
South Africa
(1)
Spain
(15)
Sub-Clonal Selection
(1)
Sub-Clone Variation
(2)
Sweden
(8)
Swine
(2)
syn137A
(1)
syn149I
(1)
syn177L
(1)
syn179L
(2)
syn223V
(1)
syn238E
(1)
syn257R
(1)
syn265G
(1)
syn291V
(2)
syn315G
(1)
syn343G
(1)
syn346G
(1)
syn350G
(1)
syn407V
(11)
syn413K
(12)
syn448L
(1)
syn464G
(1)
syn465N
(1)
syn66G
(1)
syn86G
(1)
Taiwan
(3)
TamiFlu resistance
(32)
TamiFlu Resistant
(26)
Texas
(5)
Thailand
(2)
Timing
(1)
tinamou
(2)
Tokushima
(1)
Toronto
(1)
Trans-Serotype Zoonotic Analysis
(1)
Tree
(1)
TRIM25
(1)
Turkey
(1)
Ukraine
(20)
United Kingdom
(12)
United States
(5)
Upsilon
(5)
US
(3)
Utah
(1)
Vaccine
(3)
vaccine escape
(16)
Vector
(1)
Vermont
(1)
Viral Behaviour
(1)
Virulence Factor
(2)
Wales
(1)
Washington
(3)
Wisconsin
(5)
WSN33
(2)
Wyoming
(1)
Yamaguchi
(1)
Zoonotic
(1)
Fellow Investigators
Author
- NS1
- United States
- NS1 studies zoonotic viral genetics. The information in this column is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or individual recommendations by the author. Please work in conjunction with a team of trusted and informed health professionals before making health or lifestyle modifications.