Sequences discussed in this analysis are variously stored publicly at GenBank and at GISAID. We gratefully acknowledge the authors, originating and submitting laboratories of the sequences from GenBank and from GISAID’s EpiFlu™ Database on which this research is based. A GISAID-generated list is detailed in a linked spreadsheet for completeness in citation.
1. Hurt AC, Lee RT, Leang SK, Cui L, Deng YM, Phuah SP, Caldwell N, Freeman K, Komadina N, Smith D, Speers D, Kelso A, Lin RT, Maurer-Stroh S, Barr IG. Increased detection in Australia and Singapore of a novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 variant with reduced oseltamivir and zanamivir sensitivity due to a S247N neuraminidase mutation. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(23):pii=19884.
Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19884
Date of submission: 26 May 2011
“A novel influenza A(H1N1)2009 variant with mildly reduced oseltamivir and zanamivir sensitivity has been detected in more than 10% of community specimens in Singapore and more than 30% of samples from northern Australia during the early months of 2011.”1
Last Updated
2011-06-16
On 2011-06-02, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza published 10 HA and 12 NA pH1N1 sequence segments at GISAID in support of their paper 1 on the MultiDrug Resistance moderated by NA 247N. These sequences were sampled from patients in Australia and Brunei from January to March 2011. In addition to the discussed NA 247N, all 12 Neuraminidase segments display multiple polymorphism recombination at the 5’ end with a zoonotic co-infection from a strain matching Human and Avian H5N1 cases as well as H4, H6, H9N2, H10, H11, H12 and H13 sequences. The Brunei sequence exhibits potential recombination to the same zoonotic reservoirs with additional NA nucleotide homology at aa40, aa46, aa95, 157T, aa353, 369K, aa377 and aa426.
These sequences are deeply avian in nature with additional homology to various zoonotic reservoirs. Though the primary subclade carrying this drug resistance marker is young, the basic backbone has risen to triple digits rather quickly. The HA and the NA segments in this deposit represent hypermorphic outcomes signaling a change in viral behaviour on SubClade 5 (208K_219V) in this region of the world during early 2011. Notice must be made that the NA 247N has crossed onto the HA 188T SubClade as well. Existence of the newly recognised TamiFlu resistance marker across multiple human pandemic subclades indicates potential for spread.
As we have previously discussed concerning genetic markers for drug resistance, GeneWurx expects standing genetic revisions on the pH1N1 subclades to eventually be laboratory validated for drug resistance.
. . . . AustraliaDarwin75_27F_2011_03_17 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319199
. . . . . . . . 17 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 9 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . 262K [H5N1 Human (Aag)],
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn549R (AGg))
. . . . AustraliaDarwin75_27F_2011_03_17 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319198
. . . . . . . . 12 Polymorphisms (4 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A,
. . . . . . . . 466R,
. . . . . . . . 467S)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin75_MDCK1_27F_2011_03_17 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319166
. . . . . . . . 15 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 7 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . 262K [H5N1 Human (Aag)],
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin75_MDCK1_27F_2011_03_17 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319165
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin74_17F_2011_03_16 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319170
. . . . . . . . 17 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 9 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn549R (AGg),
. . . . . . . . 550S)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin74_17F_2011_03_16 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319169
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin74_MDCK1_17F_2011_03_16 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319182
. . . . . . . . 14 Polymorphisms (6 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin74_MDCK1_17F_2011_03_16 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319181
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaPerth29_40M_2011_03_08_TmX_f (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319176
. . . . . . . . 16 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . 259V,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaPerth29_40M_2011_03_08_TmX_f (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319175
. . . . . . . . 11 Polymorphisms (3 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin54_26M_2011_03_06 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319184
. . . . . . . . 9 Polymorphisms (1 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms])
. . . . AustraliaPerth30_40M_2011_03_01_f (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319178
. . . . . . . . 16 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . 259V,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaPerth30_40M_2011_03_01_f (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319177
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin70_20F_2011_02_14 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319174
. . . . . . . . 15 Polymorphisms (7 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin70_20F_2011_02_14 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319173
. . . . . . . . 11 Polymorphisms (3 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A,
. . . . . . . . 466R)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin11_27F_2011_02_11 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319183
. . . . . . . . 11 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 9 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A,
. . . . . . . . syn433E (GAa) [H3N1 Swine],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin10_37M_2011_02_09 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319172
. . . . . . . . 15 Polymorphisms (7 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin10_37M_2011_02_09 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319171
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin2_CS_18M_2011_01_13 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319168
. . . . . . . . 16 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . 41D,
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin2_CS_18M_2011_01_13 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319167
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . AustraliaDarwin2_18M_2011_01_13 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI302351
. . . . . . . . 16 Polymorphisms (8 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . 41D,
. . . . . . . . syn47L (CTg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn82I (ATc) [H5N1 Human (ATa)],
. . . . . . . . syn93C (TGc),
. . . . . . . . 100N [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 141Q,
. . . . . . . . syn170N (AAc) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 208K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 219V,
. . . . . . . . 252L,
. . . . . . . . syn307P (CCc) [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Cambodia Human 2005],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 359A,
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn408E (GAa) [H2N3 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Bangladesh Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human 2007-2010 with Fatalities],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Human Gharbiyah, 80% CFR],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Equine 2009],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H5N1 Egypt Avian 2007-2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918],
. . . . . . . . syn446K (AAa) [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . syn475D (GAc) [H5N1 Egypt Human 2009 with 196H],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSN_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [WSZ_1933],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1918])
. . . . AustraliaDarwin2_18M_2011_01_13 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI302350
. . . . . . . . 10 Polymorphisms (2 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn89S (TCt) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn126P (CCt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian (Cat)],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn236G (GGc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn241V (GTg) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn268E (GAg) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with extensive pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 299A)
. . . . Brunei1_2011_01_13 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID HA EPI319180
. . . . . . . . 6 Polymorphisms (3 Amino and 3 Silent)
. . . . . . . . 188T,
. . . . . . . . syn338G (GGc) [H5N1 Human 2011],
. . . . . . . . 377K,
. . . . . . . . syn388K (AAa) [H5N1 Human 2005, 2011],
. . . . . . . . 454N,
. . . . . . . . syn527L (TTa) [H5N1 Human 2005, 2011 (cTa)])
. . . . Brunei1_2011_01_13 (
. . . . . . . . GISAID NA EPI319179
. . . . . . . . 14 Polymorphisms (6 Amino and 8 Silent)
. . . . . . . . syn4N (AAt) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . syn5Q (CAg)) [H5N1 Avian and Human],
. . . . . . . . 40I [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 46T [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Camel],
. . . . . . . . 95I,
. . . . . . . . syn157T (ACt) [H6N2 Avian],
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn229S (TCc) [H1N1 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn240T (ACc) [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . 241I [H1N1 Avian wt],
. . . . . . . . 247N,
. . . . . . . . syn353Y (TAt) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . 369K [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H4N6 Avian 2010],
. . . . . . . . . . . . [H12N6 Avian],
. . . . . . . . syn377P (CCa) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms],
. . . . . . . . syn426L (tTA) [H1N1 Avian
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . with pH1N1υ polymorphisms])
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Labels
100N
(6)
106I
(4)
106V
(4)
123I
(1)
124I
(2)
127S
(1)
128D
(2)
131P
(3)
140K
(2)
140S
(1)
142T
(2)
142V
(1)
145I
(1)
149I
(1)
154I
(1)
155I
(2)
156E
(3)
157E
(3)
158E
(11)
159D
(1)
159K
(3)
159Q
(1)
159T
(1)
161C
(1)
163N
(1)
163T
(1)
165N
(5)
166N
(1)
166Q
(1)
166T
(1)
169N
(1)
169T
(1)
170S
(1)
172R
(1)
179L
(1)
179V
(1)
180g
(1)
186P
(1)
187n
(1)
188I
(1)
188N
(1)
188T
(9)
188T (Acc)
(1)
189T
(5)
190E
(1)
1918
(8)
191R
(1)
193G
(1)
193r
(1)
194i
(1)
199G
(1)
200T
(1)
206A
(1)
206S
(2)
206T
(8)
208K
(2)
211T
(1)
212E
(1)
214E
(1)
215T
(1)
218t
(1)
218V
(1)
219V
(2)
223E
(1)
223M
(1)
225A
(4)
225E
(21)
225G
(50)
225N
(18)
225S
(3)
225T
(2)
225V
(1)
225X
(1)
225Y
(1)
226R
(7)
227G
(1)
227Q
(1)
228G
(2)
228R
(1)
22I
(3)
230I
(22)
232H
(1)
235A
(1)
237I
(1)
238D
(1)
238K
(1)
240R
(1)
242E
(1)
243I
(1)
246S
(1)
247A
(1)
247N
(1)
248D
(3)
248N
(5)
252L
(1)
256L
(2)
257R
(1)
259D
(1)
259S
(1)
259V
(1)
261
(1)
261G
(1)
261V
(2)
263D
(3)
264D
(1)
264T
(1)
264X
(1)
270T
(1)
274Y
(5)
275A
(1)
275I
(1)
275Y
(10)
277N
(1)
286D
(1)
286E
(1)
286G
(2)
286N
(1)
296H
(7)
298V
(5)
2E
(4)
300S
(2)
305G
(1)
307N
(1)
307S
(2)
315G
(2)
321V
(1)
324I
(4)
332K
(1)
33i
(1)
343E
(1)
346V
(1)
35I
(6)
360G
(1)
369T
(1)
373H
(2)
377G
(3)
377K
(2)
382A
(1)
386D
(2)
387D
(1)
395R
(1)
397D
(1)
398E
(1)
407V
(9)
40N
(1)
413K
(10)
414I
(1)
426L
(1)
442I
(1)
447K
(2)
450G
(1)
452S
(1)
454N
(1)
454S
(1)
457R
(1)
45K
(1)
463T
(1)
464G
(1)
465N
(1)
480K
(1)
482I
(1)
48K
(1)
4K
(1)
502K
(2)
504N
(2)
513V
(1)
515Q
(1)
519N
(1)
549K
(1)
627K
(5)
66E
(1)
674T
(1)
677G
(1)
678N
(1)
680N
(1)
701N
(1)
702R
(1)
703K
(1)
704H
(1)
70S
(1)
71G
(3)
74L
(1)
75% Instability Amino Acid
(1)
76T
(1)
77R
(1)
81G
(1)
88L
(1)
89N
(1)
8I
(1)
95% Instability
(4)
95% Unstable
(1)
A592G
(1)
AC Hurt
(1)
Academic Honesty
(1)
acquisition
(1)
Adriatic Sea
(1)
Alaska
(1)
Almati
(2)
Almati01
(1)
Ambiguity
(2)
Anhui02
(1)
antibodies
(1)
antibody
(1)
Antigen Diversity
(5)
Antigenic Diversity
(7)
antisera
(1)
Argentina
(3)
Arizona
(2)
Auckland
(1)
Australia
(8)
Avian H1N1
(6)
Avian H5N1
(13)
Avian Influenza
(1)
Balkan
(1)
Bayern
(1)
Bayern66
(1)
Belgorod
(1)
Black Alert
(1)
Black Sea
(1)
Brasil
(4)
Brazil
(4)
Brunei
(1)
California
(2)
Cameroon
(3)
Capua
(1)
Caspian Sea
(2)
Catalonia
(2)
Catalyst
(1)
Chengdu
(1)
child
(1)
China
(6)
Clade Crossing
(4)
cleavage
(1)
Cleavage Area
(1)
Cluster
(1)
completed set of permutations
(1)
ComplexCodon
(1)
Conjunctivitis
(1)
Conroe
(1)
cross segment linkage
(10)
cross segment pair
(3)
Cross Segment Quadruple Combination
(1)
cross segment selection
(1)
CrossClade
(2)
cytokine storm
(1)
Cytokinic Dysregulation
(2)
Czech
(1)
D.C.
(1)
D190E
(1)
D225E
(1)
D225G
(5)
D225N
(3)
Dallas
(1)
Deaths
(1)
Delaware
(1)
Denmark
(2)
Donor Candidate
(1)
drug resistance
(1)
drug resistant
(1)
Dysmorphic
(1)
E627K
(1)
Egypt
(1)
Ekaterinburg
(1)
Ekateringburg01
(1)
Emergent
(1)
Emergent H7N9
(3)
England
(5)
equine
(1)
Expectations
(1)
Fatal
(1)
Fatality
(9)
Finland
(1)
Finland555
(1)
FlightPath
(3)
Florida
(2)
Fort Worth
(1)
fragmentin
(1)
France
(2)
Germany
(1)
Gharbiyah
(1)
Gibralter
(1)
Glossary
(1)
Great Britain
(2)
Greece
(4)
H13
(2)
H1N1
(1)
H1N1 Pandemic Influenza PF11
(5)
H274Y
(11)
H275Y
(12)
H3N2
(3)
H3N8
(7)
H5N1
(19)
H5N2
(1)
H6N1
(5)
H7N7
(7)
H8N4
(1)
H9N2
(8)
HA 142V
(1)
Halmstad
(1)
Hangzhuo
(1)
Hispanic
(1)
Hong Kong
(1)
hospitalisation
(2)
host switching
(1)
Host transition
(2)
Houston
(1)
HPA
(1)
Human-Fit
(2)
HunanSWL3
(1)
Hydra
(1)
Hydra Effect
(13)
hyper-morphic
(13)
Hyper-zoonotic
(9)
IDRREAV
(2)
Immune Escape
(3)
In-Patient
(1)
India
(5)
Indiana
(1)
Indonesia
(2)
infant
(1)
Influenza Flux
(6)
Intellectual Honesty
(2)
Interferon
(2)
intra-segment exclusivity
(5)
Iowa
(1)
Iran
(6)
Iraq
(1)
Italy
(3)
Italy127
(2)
Ivory Tower
(1)
Iwate
(1)
Japan
(9)
Jiangsu
(2)
Kiev
(1)
Lishui
(1)
Longview
(1)
LookAside Influencer
(1)
Louisiana03
(1)
low reactor
(3)
M230I
(6)
media
(1)
Mexico
(3)
Minnesota
(1)
Missouri
(1)
Morocco
(1)
MultiDrug Resistance
(1)
MultiDrug Resistant
(1)
NA 247N
(1)
NA 94I
(1)
NA Dual Combination
(7)
NA syn204A
(1)
NA Triple Combination
(5)
Nagasaki
(2)
Nanjing
(1)
New Hampshire
(2)
New Jersey
(1)
New Mexico
(1)
New York
(3)
New York and Japan connection. Ultimate origin
(2)
New Zealand
(1)
New Zealand and Canada Connection. Ultimate origin
(1)
Nigeria
(1)
NIMR
(2)
Norway
(8)
Novel
(1)
Novel HA
(1)
Novel Sub-clade
(2)
NS1
(1)
Omsk
(1)
Oregon
(1)
Osaka180
(1)
Pakistan
(1)
Pandemic 2.0
(1)
Pandemic Influenza 2.0
(1)
PB2
(1)
Pennsylvania
(4)
perforin
(1)
PF11 Beta
(1)
PF11 Omega
(3)
PF11 Post-Omega
(1)
pH1N1
(4)
Phenotype traits
(1)
Pink Eye
(1)
Poland
(1)
Port
(1)
prediction
(4)
pro-inflammatory
(1)
Public Health
(1)
Pune
(2)
QC1
(3)
QC2
(2)
Quadruple Recombination
(1)
rapid replication
(1)
RBD
(4)
Receptor Binding Domain
(7)
recombination
(1)
Red Eye
(1)
RIG-I
(1)
RnR
(1)
Romania
(2)
Russia
(14)
Sao Paulo
(2)
Sao Paulo. Acquisition Acceleration.
(1)
Sapporo
(1)
Scandinavia
(1)
school
(1)
Scotland
(3)
self-destruct
(1)
Serbia
(1)
Severe
(2)
sH3N2
(1)
Shanghai
(2)
Shanghai71T
(2)
ShanghaiLWS1
(1)
Shizuoka
(1)
Sigma PF11
(1)
silent change
(2)
Singapore
(3)
Singapore57
(1)
Slovakia
(1)
South Africa
(1)
Spain
(15)
Sub-Clonal Selection
(1)
Sub-Clone Variation
(2)
Sweden
(8)
Swine
(2)
syn137A
(1)
syn149I
(1)
syn177L
(1)
syn179L
(2)
syn223V
(1)
syn238E
(1)
syn257R
(1)
syn265G
(1)
syn291V
(2)
syn315G
(1)
syn343G
(1)
syn346G
(1)
syn350G
(1)
syn407V
(11)
syn413K
(12)
syn448L
(1)
syn464G
(1)
syn465N
(1)
syn66G
(1)
syn86G
(1)
Taiwan
(3)
TamiFlu resistance
(32)
TamiFlu Resistant
(26)
Texas
(5)
Thailand
(2)
Timing
(1)
tinamou
(2)
Tokushima
(1)
Toronto
(1)
Trans-Serotype Zoonotic Analysis
(1)
Tree
(1)
TRIM25
(1)
Turkey
(1)
Ukraine
(20)
United Kingdom
(12)
United States
(5)
Upsilon
(5)
US
(3)
Utah
(1)
Vaccine
(3)
vaccine escape
(16)
Vector
(1)
Vermont
(1)
Viral Behaviour
(1)
Virulence Factor
(2)
Wales
(1)
Washington
(3)
Wisconsin
(5)
WSN33
(2)
Wyoming
(1)
Yamaguchi
(1)
Zoonotic
(1)
Fellow Investigators
Author
- NS1
- United States
- NS1 studies zoonotic viral genetics. The information in this column is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice or individual recommendations by the author. Please work in conjunction with a team of trusted and informed health professionals before making health or lifestyle modifications.